Referring to Nouns – Demonstratives, Possessives, and Inclusive

• Used to indicate whether something is near or remote in terms of time or place.
• Can refer back to something previously mentioned in the text.
• Can refer back to whole sentences or ideas.
• “This” and “that” can often be used interchangeably when referring back.

3. Possessives

• Possessive determiners (my/your/his/her/its/our/their) show ownership.
• ‘s is used with singular nouns and irregular plural nouns.
• s’ is used after regular plural nouns.
• “Noun + of” is used instead of ‘s when the owner is not a person or animal.

4. Inclusives

• “each” and “every” are used with singular nouns and verbs.
• “Each” focuses on individuals in a group of two or more.
• “Every” is used for three or more things, focusing on the group.
• “all/most/some” are used with plural nouns and verbs to talk about things in general.
• “all/most/some” + of + pronoun/determiner + noun refers to a specific group.
• “both/neither/either” refer to two people or things.
• “both” is used with plural nouns, “either/neither” with singular nouns.
• “neither” means ‘not one’ (of a group).
• “none” means ‘not one’ and can be followed by a singular or plural verb.