Multi-word verbs, also known as phrasal verbs, are a common and important feature of English grammar. They consist of a main verb and one or more particles (usually prepositions or adverbs) that together function as a single unit with a specific meaning. These particles can change the meaning of the main verb and create idiomatic expressions. Multi-word verbs can be transitive (requiring an object) or intransitive (not requiring an object).
The patterns
1. Verb + to-infinitive: Certain verbs are followed directly by the to-infinitive. These verbs do not require an object.
- agree, aim, appear, arrange, attempt, be able, be likely, claim, decide, deserve, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, tend, try, etc.
- Example: “He decided to leave” and “She promised to help.”
- Explanation: In these examples, the main verbs “decided” and “promised” are followed by the to-infinitive. This pattern is used when there is no need for an object to complete the meaning of the sentence. The verbs express actions and decisions.
2. Verb (+ preposition) + -ing: Some verbs are followed by the -ing form of a verb. This pattern often indicates action or preference.
- avoid, approve of, can’t help, can’t stand, carry on, consider, deny, don’t mind, enjoy, feel like, finish, give up, imagine, include, insist on, involve, keep, mention, mind, practise, put off, recommend, resist, suggest, think of/about, etc.
3. Verb + to-infinitive or -ing: Certain verbs can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the -ing form with little difference in meaning.
- attempt, begin, bother, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start, etc.
- For example:
- Example: “I like to swim” or “I like swimming” – both are correct.
- Explanation: In these examples, the verb “like” can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the -ing form without a substantial change in meaning. It offers flexibility in expressing one’s preference for an action.
4. Verb + object + infinitive without to: Some verbs are followed by an object and then the infinitive without to.
- feel, hear, help, let, make, notice, see, watch, etc. (Note: “Make” and “let” are always followed by an object + infinitive without to.)
- Example: “She made him laugh” and “They let me join.”
- Explanation: In these sentences, verbs like “made” and “let” are followed by an object and the infinitive without “to,” creating a specific meaning. The verbs “made” and “let” indicate causing or allowing someone to do something.
5. Negatives: When making the second verb negative, “not” is added.
- I chose not to study at this college.
- I enjoy not working late.
- Explanation: By adding “not” to the second verb, we create a negative form, which is used to express the opposite or the absence of the action indicated by the verb.
These different patterns help to convey various meanings and nuances in sentences.